What type of credentialing includes fingerprint, retina, and voice authentication?

Biometric credentialing refers to methods of identification and authentication that rely on unique physical or behavioral characteristics of an individual. Fingerprint, retina (or iris), and voice authentication are all forms of biometrics because they use intrinsic traits that are unique to each person.

Fingerprint recognition works by analyzing the unique patterns of ridges and valleys on an individual’s fingertips. Retina or iris recognition captures the unique patterns in the colored portion of the eye or the unique patterns of blood vessels in the retina, respectively, providing another distinct identifier. Voice recognition identifies an individual based on their unique vocal characteristics such as tone, pitch, and cadence.

The other types of credentialing mentioned do not utilize physiological characteristics. Token-based credentialing uses physical tokens, such as keycards or smart cards, while password-based systems rely on knowledge-based credentials (what a user knows). RFID-based authentication involves signals from electronically readable tags, which do not pertain to the physical characteristics of an individual. Thus, biometric credentialing stands out as it focuses on the inherent, unique attributes of individuals for secure access and identification.